534

Justinian I issues second and final version of his law code. AI analysis

The Codex Justinianus became the foundation of civil law in many European countries and continues to influence legal systems worldwide. It represents one of history's most important legal compilations. --AI Explanation

1272

Edward I proclaimed King of England while absent on crusade. AI analysis

This unusual coronation demonstrated the stability of English succession systems and marked the beginning of significant legal reforms in medieval England. --AI Explanation

1384

Jadwiga crowned 'King' of Poland. AI analysis

Her coronation as 'King' rather than Queen demonstrated medieval flexibility regarding gender roles in monarchy when necessary for political stability. --AI Explanation

1532

Francisco Pizarro meets Incan emperor Atahualpa for first time. AI analysis

This fateful meeting led to the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, dramatically altering South American history and initiating centuries of colonial rule. --AI Explanation

1632

Battle of Lützen during Thirty Years' War. AI analysis

Though a Protestant victory, the death of Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus significantly impacted the war's direction and European power balance. --AI Explanation

1676

First colonial prison built in Nantucket, Massachusetts. AI analysis

Represented development of formal justice systems in colonial America and early American approaches to law enforcement. --AI Explanation

1776

British forces capture Fort Washington during American Revolution. AI analysis

This significant British victory in New York demonstrated the challenges facing the Continental Army and forced Washington's retreat across New Jersey. --AI Explanation

1793

French Revolution: Palace of Louvre opens as museum. AI analysis

Transformed royal collections into public cultural institution, establishing model for modern national museums worldwide. --AI Explanation

1798

First British gold sovereign coin issued. AI analysis

Represented British financial power and established a currency standard that would influence global commerce. --AI Explanation

1822

Missouri trader William Becknell reaches Santa Fe, pioneering Santa Fe Trail. AI analysis

Opened crucial trade route between United States and Mexican territories, facilitating westward expansion and commerce. --AI Explanation

1849

Russian court sentences Fyodor Dostoevsky to death. AI analysis

His later commutation profoundly influenced his writing and philosophical outlook, shaping world literature. --AI Explanation

1855

David Livingstone becomes first European to see Victoria Falls. AI analysis

Symbolized era of African exploration and European documentation of African geography. --AI Explanation

1864

Sherman's March to the Sea begins destruction of Savannah Railroad. AI analysis

Demonstrated modern total war tactics and psychological warfare during American Civil War. --AI Explanation

1869

Suez Canal officially opens in Egypt. AI analysis

Revolutionized international maritime trade and influenced global politics for centuries. --AI Explanation

1873

W.C. Handy, "Father of the Blues," born in Florence, Alabama. AI analysis

His birth marked beginning of formal blues music development and its influence on American popular music. --AI Explanation

1904

John Ambrose Fleming patents first vacuum tube. AI analysis

This invention enabled development of electronic amplification, crucial for radio and early computing. --AI Explanation

1907

Oklahoma becomes 46th U.S. state. AI analysis

Represented culmination of territorial expansion and Native American policy in American Southwest. --AI Explanation

1914

Federal Reserve Bank of United States officially opens. AI analysis

Created modern American banking system and monetary policy framework. --AI Explanation

1933

United States and Soviet Union establish diplomatic relations. AI analysis

Marked significant shift in international relations and end of U.S. non-recognition policy toward Soviet state. --AI Explanation

1940

Warsaw's Jewish Ghetto sealed by Nazis. AI analysis

Represented escalation of Holocaust and created largest Jewish ghetto in Nazi-occupied Europe. --AI Explanation

1945

UNESCO founded. AI analysis

Established framework for international cultural and educational cooperation post-WWII. --AI Explanation

1952

First hydrogen device tested in Operation Ivy. AI analysis

Marked dramatic escalation in nuclear weapons technology and Cold War arms race. --AI Explanation

1962

NASA launches first Saturn I rocket. AI analysis

Crucial step in developing Saturn V rocket that would later enable Moon landings. --AI Explanation

1973

Skylab 4 launches with Gerald Carr, William Pogue, and Edward Gibson. AI analysis

Final Skylab mission provided valuable data about long-duration space habitation. --AI Explanation

1981

First voice-mail messaging system introduced commercially. AI analysis

Revolutionized business communication and laid groundwork for modern messaging systems. --AI Explanation

1985

Microsoft Windows 1.0 released. AI analysis

Launched Microsoft's dominance in personal computing operating systems. --AI Explanation

1988

First Fairtrade coffee sold by Dutch company Max Havelaar. AI analysis

Pioneered ethical consumerism movement and fair trade certification systems. --AI Explanation

1990

Pop group Milli Vanilli stripped of Grammy Award. AI analysis

Highlighted issues of authenticity in music industry and impact of lip-syncing controversy. --AI Explanation

2001

First Harry Potter film released. AI analysis

Launched successful film franchise and demonstrated power of book adaptations in modern entertainment. --AI Explanation

2004

World of Warcraft released by Blizzard Entertainment. AI analysis

Revolutionized massive multiplayer online gaming and virtual world communities. --AI Explanation

2010

Prince William and Kate Middleton announce engagement. AI analysis

Represented modernization of British monarchy and global media's royal fascination. --AI Explanation

2014

DNA study shows that European bison and extinct steppe bison hybridized. AI analysis

Provided insights into evolution and species adaptation during ice age periods. --AI Explanation

2017

Leonardo da Vinci's Salvator Mundi sells for $450.3 million. AI analysis

Set record for most expensive artwork sold, reflecting art market's extreme valuations. --AI Explanation

2019

First COVID-19 case retrospectively confirmed in China. AI analysis

Marked beginning of global pandemic that would transform society worldwide. --AI Explanation

2022

World population reaches 8 billion according to UN. AI analysis

Milestone highlighting global demographic changes and challenges of sustainable development. --AI Explanation

November 16 Birthdays

42 BC

Tiberius

Roman emperor

(d. 37 AD)

1436

Leonardo Loredan

Italian ruler

(d. 1521)

1457

Beatrice of Naples

Hungarian queen

(d. 1508)

1466

Francesco Cattani da Diacceto

Florentine philosopher

(d. 1522)

1483

Elisabeth of the Palatinate

Landgravine of Hesse, German noble

(d. 1522)

1528

Jeanne d'Albret

Queen of Navarre

(d. 1572)

1531

Anna d'Este

Duchess consort of Nemours

(d. 1607)

1538

Saint Turibius of Mongrovejo

Spanish Grand Inquisitioner, Archbishop of Lima

(d. 1606)

1566

Anna Juliana Gonzaga

Archduchess of Austria and nun

(d. 1621)

1569

Paul Sartorius

German organist and composer

(d. 1609)

1603

Augustyn Kordecki

Polish monk

(d. 1673)

1643

Jean Chardin

French-English jeweler and explorer

(d. 1703)

1648

Charles Duncombe

English banker and politician

(d. 1711)

1715

Girolamo Abos

Maltese-Italian composer and educator

(d. 1760)

1717

Jean le Rond d'Alembert

French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher

(d. 1793)

1720

Carlo Antonio Campioni

French-Italian composer

(d. 1788)

1750

Edward Law

1st Baron Ellenborough, English lawyer, judge, and politician

(d. 1818)

1753

James McHenry

Irish-American surgeon and politician

(d. 1816)

1758

Peter Andreas Heiberg

Danish philologist and author

(d. 1841)

1774

Georg von Cancrin

German-Russian Minister of Finance

(d. 1845)

1793

Francis Danby

Irish painter of the Romantic era

(d. 1861)

1806

Mary Tyler Peabody Mann

American author and educator

(d. 1887)

1807

Jónas Hallgrímsson

Icelandic poet, author and naturalist

(d. 1845)

1811

John Bright

English academic and politician

(d. 1889)

1839

Louis-Honoré Fréchette

Canadian poet, author, and politician

(d. 1908)

1841

Jules Violle

French physicist and academic

(d. 1923)

1847

Edmund James Flynn

Canadian lawyer and politician

(d. 1927)

1851

Minnie Hauk

American-Swiss soprano and actress

(d. 1929)

1856

Jürgen Kröger

German architect

(d. 1928)

1861

Luigi Facta

Italian politician and journalist

(d. 1930)

1861

Georgina Febres-Cordero

Venezuelan nun

(d. 1925)

1862

Charles Turner

Australian cricketer

(d. 1944)

1873

W. C. Handy

American trumpet player and composer

(d. 1958)

1874

Alexander Kolchak

Russian admiral and explorer

(d. 1920)

1883

Emil Breitkreutz

American runner and coach

(d. 1972)

1888

Luis Cluzeau Mortet

Uruguayan pianist and composer

(d. 1957)

1889

George S. Kaufman

American director, producer, and playwright

(d. 1961)

1889

Dietrich Kraiß

German general

(d. 1944)

1890

Elpidio Quirino

6th President of the Philippines

(d. 1956)

1892

Guo Moruo

Chinese historian, author, and poet

(d. 1978)

1892

Tazio Nuvolari

Italian race car driver and motorcycle racer

(d. 1953)

1894

Bobby Cruickshank

American golfer

(d. 1975)

1894

Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi

Austrian philosopher and politician

(d. 1972)

1895

Paul Hindemith

German composer, violist and conductor

(d. 1963)

1896

Joan Lindsay

Australian author and critic

(d. 1984)

1896

Oswald Mosley

English fascist leader and politician

(d. 1980)

1896

Lawrence Tibbett

American actor and singer

(d. 1960)

1897

Choudhry Rahmat Ali

Indian-Pakistani academic

(d. 1951)

1899

Mary Margaret McBride

American radio host

(d. 1976)

1900

Eliška Junková

Czechoslovakian race car driver

(d. 1994)

1904

Nnamdi Azikiwe

Nigerian statesman, 1st President of Nigeria

(d. 1996)

1905

Eddie Condon

American guitarist and banjo player

(d. 1973)

1907

Burgess Meredith

American actor, singer, director, producer, and screenwriter

(d. 1997)

1909

Mirza Nasir Ahmad

Indian-Pakistani religious leader

(d. 1982)

1912

George O. Petrie

American actor and director

(d. 1997)

1912

W. E. D. Ross

Canadian actor, playwright, and author

(d. 1995)

1913

Ellen Albertini Dow

American actress

(d. 2015)

1914

Eddie Chapman

English spy

(d. 1997)

1915

Jean Fritz

Chinese-American author

(d. 2017)

1916

Harold Baigent

New Zealand actor and director

(d. 1996)

1916

Daws Butler

American voice actor and singer

(d. 1988)

1916

Al Lucas

Canadian-American bassist

(d. 1983)

1922

Gene Amdahl

American computer scientist, physicist, and engineer

(d. 2015)

1922

José Saramago

Portuguese novelist and Nobel laureate in Literature

(d. 2010)

1924

Sam Farber

American businessman

(d. 2013)

1924

Mel Patton

American sprinter and coach

(d. 2014)

1927

Dolo Coker

American pianist and composer

(d. 1983)

1928

Clu Gulager

American actor and director

(d. 2022)

1929

Peter Boizot

English businessman

(d. 2018)

1930

Chinua Achebe

Nigerian novelist, poet, and critic

(d. 2013)

1930

Paul Foytack

American baseball player

(d. 2021)

1930

Salvatore Riina

Italian mob boss

(d. 2017)

1931

Luciano Bottaro

Italian author and illustrator

(d. 2006)

1931

Hubert Sumlin

American singer and guitarist

(d. 2011)

1933

Garnet Mimms

American R&B singe

r

1935

Elizabeth Drew

American journalist and autho

r

1935

Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah

Iraqi-Lebanese cleric, educator, and author

(d. 2010)

1935

Magdi Yacoub

Egyptian-English surgeon and academi

c

1936

John Moore

Australian businessman and politicia

n

1937

Alan Budd

English economist and academic

(d. 2023)

1938

Ahmed Bouanani

Moroccan filmmaker

(d. 2011)

1938

Kang Ning-hsiang

Taiwanese politicia

n

1938

Walter Learning

Canadian actor

(d. 2020)

1938

Robert Nozick

American philosopher, author, and academic

(d. 2002)

1938

Troy Seals

American singer-songwriter and guitaris

t

1939

Michael Billington

English author and criti

c

1940

Donna McKechnie

American actress, singer, and dance

r

1941

Angelo Gilardino

Italian guitarist, composer, and musicologist

(d. 2022)

1941

Gerry Marshall

English race car driver

(d. 2005)

1941

Dan Penn

American singer-songwriter and produce

r

1942

Willie Carson

Scottish jockey and sportscaste

r

1942

Joanna Pettet

English-Canadian actres

s

1944

Oliver Braddick

English psychologist and academic

(d. 2022)

1945

Teenie Hodges

American guitarist and songwriter

(d. 2014)

1945

Lynn Hunt

American historian, author, and academi

c

1945

Steve Railsback

American acto

r

1946

Colin Burgess

Australian drummer and songwriter

(d. 2023)

1946

Terence McKenna

American botanist, philosopher, and author

(d. 2000)

1946

Barbara Smith

American write

r

1946

Beverly Smith

American write

r

1946

Jo Jo White

American basketball player and coach

(d. 2018)

1947

Omar Ruiz Hernández

Cuban journalist and activis

t

1948

Horst Bertram

German footballer and manager

(d. 2023)

1948

Chi Coltrane

American singer-songwriter and pianis

t

1948

Bonnie Greer

American-English playwright and criti

c

1948

Ken James

Australian acto

r

1950

Harvey Martin

American football player

(d. 2001)

1950

Manuel Zamora

Filipino farmer and politicia

n

1951

Andy Dalton

New Zealand rugby playe

r

1951

Miguel Sandoval

American acto

r

1952

Shigeru Miyamoto

Japanese video game designe

r

1953

Griff Rhys Jones

Welsh comedian, actor, and autho

r

1954

Andrea Barrett

American novelist and short story write

r

1954

Dick Gross

Australian lawyer and politicia

n

1955

Héctor Cúper

Argentine footballer, coach, and manage

r

1955

Pierre Larouche

Canadian ice hockey player and coac

h

1955

Guillermo Lasso

Ecuadoran businessman, 47th President of Ecuado

r

1955

Jun Kunimura

Japanese acto

r

1955

Esteban Trapiello

Venezuelan businessma

n

1956

Terry Labonte

American race car driver and businessma

n

1957

Jacques Gamblin

French acto

r

1958

Marg Helgenberger

American actres

s

1958

Boris Krivokapić

Serbian author and academi

c

1959

Glenda Bailey

English journalis

t

1959

Francis M. Fesmire

American cardiologist and physician

(d. 2014)

1961

Frank Bruno

English boxe

r

1962

Darwyn Cooke

Canadian writer and artist

(d. 2016)

1962

Mani

English bass playe

r

1963

Steve Argüelles

English drummer and produce

r

1963

William Bonner

Brazilian newscaster, publicist and journalis

t

1963

Zina Garrison

American tennis playe

r

1964

Waheed Alli

Baron Alli, English businessman and politicia

n

1964

Valeria Bruni Tedeschi

Italian-French actress, director, and screenwrite

r

1964

Dwight Gooden

American baseball playe

r

1964

Diana Krall

Canadian singer-songwriter and pianis

t

1964

Harry Lennix

American acto

r

1964

Maeve Quinlan

American actres

s

1965

Mika Aaltonen

Finnish footballe

r

1966

Joey Cape

American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and produce

r

1966

Stephen Critchlow

English actor

(d. 2021)

1966

Dave Kushner

American guitaris

t

1966

Christian Lorenz

German keyboard playe

r

1966

Dean McDermott

Canadian-American actor and produce

r

1966

Tahir Shah

English journalist, author, and explore

r

1967

Craig Arnold

American poet and academic

(d. 2009)

1967

Lisa Bonet

American actress and directo

r

1968

Tammy Lauren

American actres

s

1968

Shobha Nagi Reddy

Indian politician

(d. 2014)

1968

Melvin Stewart

American swimme

r

1970

Logan Mader

Canadian-American guitarist and produce

r

1970

Martha Plimpton

American actres

s

1971

Tanja Damaske

German javelin thrower and shot putte

r

1971

Mustapha Hadji

Moroccan footballer and manage

r

1971

Annely Peebo

Estonian soprano and actres

s

1971

Alexander Popov

Russian swimmer and coac

h

1971

Waqar Younis

Pakistani cricketer and coac

h

1972

Missi Pyle

American actress and singe

r

1973

Christian Horner

English race car driver and manage

r

1973

Brendan Laney

New Zealand-Scottish rugby player and sportscaste

r

1974

Brooke Elliott

American actress and singe

r

1974

Maurizio Margaglio

Italian ice dancer and coac

h

1974

Paul Scholes

English footballer and sportscaste

r

1975

Julio Lugo

Dominican baseball player

(d. 2021)

1975

Yuki Uchida

Japanese actress, model, and singe

r

1976

Dan Black

English singer-songwrite

r

1976

Juha Pasoja

Finnish footballe

r

1976

Martijn Zuijdweg

Dutch swimme

r

1977

Oksana Baiul

Ukrainian-American figure skate

r

1977

Gigi Edgley

Australian singer-songwriter and actres

s

1977

Maggie Gyllenhaal

American actress and singe

r

1977

Mauricio Ochmann

Mexican actor and produce

r

1978

Kip Bouknight

American baseball playe

r

1978

Mehtap Doğan-Sızmaz

Turkish runne

r

1978

Takashi Nagayama

Japanese acto

r

1978

Gary Naysmith

Scottish footballer and manage

r

1978

Carolina Parra

Brazilian guitarist and drumme

r

1979

Bruce Irons

American surfe

r

1980

Moris Carrozzieri

Italian footballe

r

1980

Kayte Christensen

American basketball playe

r

1980

Nicole Gius

Italian skie

r

1980

Carol Huynh

Canadian wrestle

r

1980

Hasan Üçüncü

Turkish footballe

r

1981

Fernando Cabrera

Puerto Rican baseball playe

r

1981

Allison Crowe

Canadian singer-songwrite

r

1981

Caitlin Glass

American voice actress, singer, and directo

r

1981

Kate Miller-Heidke

Australian singer-songwrite

r

1981

Osi Umenyiora

English-American football playe

r

1982

Nonito Donaire

Filipino-American boxe

r

1982

Jannie du Plessis

South African rugby playe

r

1982

Ronald Pognon

French sprinte

r

1982

Amar'e Stoudemire

American-Israeli basketball playe

r

1983

Kool A.D.

American rappe

r

1983

Kari Lehtonen

Finnish ice hockey playe

r

1983

Britta Steffen

German swimme

r

1984

Gemma Atkinson

English model and actres

s

1984

Kimberly J. Brown

American actres

s

1984

Mark Bunn

English footballe

r

1984

Tamawashi Ichiro

Mongolian sumo wrestle

r

1985

Aditya Roy Kapur

Indian acto

r

1985

Sanna Marin

Finnish politician, former Prime Minister of Finlan

d

1986

Omar Mateen

Islamic terrorist, perpetrator of the Orlando nightclub shootin

g

1986

Maxime Médard

French rugby playe

r

1987

Eitan Tibi

Israeli footballe

r

1987

Jordan Walden

American baseball playe

r

1989

Iamsu!

American rapper and produce

r

1990

Arjo Atayde

Filipino acto

r

1990

Dénes Dibusz

Hungarian football playe

r

1991

Tomomi Kasai

Japanese actress and singe

r

1992

George Akpabio

Nigerian footballe

r

1992

Matthew Allwood

Australian rugby league playe

r

1992

Marcelo Brozović

Croatian footballe

r

1992

Shane Prince

American-Belarusian ice hockey playe

r

1993

C. J. Beathard

American football playe

r

1993

Pete Davidson

American comedian and acto

r

1993

Nélson Semedo

Portuguese footballe

r

1993

Denzel Valentine

American basketball playe

r

1994

Brandon Larracuente

American acto

r

1994

Yoshiki Yamamoto

Japanese footballe

r

1995

Noah Gray-Cabey

American actor and pianis

t

1995

André-Frank Zambo Anguissa

Cameroonian footballe

r

1997

Bruno Guimarães

Brazilian footballe

r

1999

Bol Bol

South Sudanese-American basketball playe

r

2000

Josh Green

Australian basketball playe

r

November 16 Deaths

897

Gu Yanhui

Chinese warlor

d

987

Shen Lun

Chinese scholar-officia

l

1005

Ælfric of Abingdon

Archbishop of Canterbur

y

1131

Dobrodeia of Kiev

Rus princess and author of medical book

s

1240

Edmund Rich

English archbishop and saint

(b. 1175)

1240

Ibn Arabi

Andalusian Arab philosopher

(b. 1165)

1322

Nasr

Sultan of Granada

(b. 1287)

1328

Prince Hisaaki

Japanese shōgun

(b. 1276)

1464

John

Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach

(b. 1406)

1494

Theda Ukena

German noble

(b. 1432)

1580

Marie of Baden-Sponheim

German Noblewoman

(b. 1507)

1601

Charles Neville

6th Earl of Westmorland

(b. 1542)

1603

Pierre Charron

French Catholic theologian and philosopher

(b. 1541)

1613

Trajano Boccalini

Italian author and educator

(b. 1556)

1625

Sofonisba Anguissola

Italian painter

(b. c. 1532)

1628

Paolo Quagliati

Italian organist and composer

(b. 1555)

1688

Bengt Gottfried Forselius

Swedish-Estonian scholar and author

(b. 1660)

1695

Pierre Nicole

French philosopher and author

(b. 1625)

1724

Jack Sheppard

English criminal

(b. 1702)

1745

James Butler

2nd Duke of Ormonde, Irish general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland

(b. 1665)

1773

John Hawkesworth

English journalist and author

(b. 1715)

1779

Pehr Kalm

Finnish botanist and explorer

(b. 1716)

1790

Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer

American politician

(b. 1723)

1802

André Michaux

French botanist and explorer

(b. 1746)

1806

Moses Cleaveland

American general, lawyer, and politician, founded Cleveland, Ohio

(b. 1754)

1808

Mustafa IV

Ottoman sultan

(b. 1779)

1836

Christiaan Hendrik Persoon

South African-French mycologist and academic

(b. 1761)

1884

František Chvostek

Czech-Austrian soldier and physician

(b. 1835)

1885

Louis Riel

Canadian lawyer and politician

(b. 1844)

1907

Robert I

Duke of Parma

(b. 1848)

1908

Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière

French-Canadian lawyer and politician, 4th Premier of Quebec

(b. 1829)

1911

A. A. Ames

American physician and politician, 9th Mayor of Minneapolis

(b. 1842)

1911

Lawrence Feuerbach

American shot putter

(b. 1879)

1913

George Barham

English businessman, founded Express County Milk Supply Company

(b. 1836)

1922

Max Abraham

Polish-German physicist and academic

(b. 1875)

1939

Pierce Butler

American lawyer and jurist

(b. 1866)

1941

Eduard Eelma

Estonian footballer

(b. 1902)

1941

Miina Härma

Estonian organist, composer, and conductor

(b. 1864)

1947

Giuseppe Volpi

Italian businessman and politician, founded the Venice Film Festival

(b. 1877)

1950

Bob Smith

American physician and surgeon, co-founded Alcoholics Anonymous

(b. 1879)

1956

Ōtori Tanigorō

Japanese sumo wrestler, the 24th Yokozuna

(b. 1887)

1960

Clark Gable

American actor

(b. 1901)

1961

Sam Rayburn

American lawyer and politician, 48th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

(b. 1882)

1964

Donald C. Peattie

American botanist and author

(b. 1898)

1971

Edie Sedgwick

American model and actress

(b. 1943)

1972

Vera Karalli

Russian ballerina and actress

(b. 1889)

1973

Alan Watts

English-American philosopher, author, and educator

(b. 1915)

1974

Walther Meissner

German physicist and engineer

(b. 1882)

1976

Jack Foster

English cricketer

(b. 1905)

1982

Pavel Alexandrov

Russian mathematician and academic

(b. 1896)

1984

Vic Dickenson

American trombonist

(b. 1906)

1986

Siobhán McKenna

Irish actress

(b. 1923)

1986

Panditrao Agashe

Indian businessman

(b. 1936)

1987

Jim Brewer

American baseball player and coach

(b. 1937)

1989

Jean-Claude Malépart

Canadian lawyer and politician

(b. 1938)

1990

Ege Bagatur

Turkish politician

(b. 1937)

1993

Lucia Popp

Slovak-German soprano

(b. 1939)

1993

Achille Zavatta

Tunisia-born French clown

(b. 1915)

1994

Chet Powers

American singer-songwriter and guitarist

(b. 1943)

1999

Daniel Nathans

American microbiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate

(b. 1928)

2000

Robert Earl Davis

American hip-hop artist

(b. 1971)

2000

Ahmet Kaya

Turkish-French singer-songwriter

(b. 1957)

2001

Tommy Flanagan

American pianist and composer

(b. 1930)

2005

Ralph Edwards

American radio and television host and producer

(b. 1913)

2005

Henry Taube

Canadian-American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate

(b. 1915)

2005

Donald Watson

English activist, founded the Vegan Society

(b. 1910)

2006

Milton Friedman

American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate

(b. 1912)

2006

Yuri Levada

Russian sociologist and political scientist

(b. 1930)

2007

Harold Alfond

American businessman

(b. 1914)

2007

Grethe Kausland

Norwegian actress and singer

(b. 1947)

2007

Trond Kirkvaag

Norwegian actor and screenwriter

(b. 1946)

2007

Vernon Scannell

English boxer, poet, and author

(b. 1922)

2008

Jan Krugier

Polish-Swiss art dealer

(b. 1928)

2008

Reg Varney

English actor and screenwriter

(b. 1916)

2009

Antonio de Nigris

Mexican footballer

(b. 1978)

2009

Sergei Magnitsky

Ukrainian-Russian accountant and lawyer

(b. 1972)

2009

Edward Woodward

English actor

(b. 1930)

2010

Britton Chance

American biologist and sailor

(b. 1913)

2010

Ronni Chasen

American publicist

(b. 1946)

2010

Wyngard Tracy

Filipino DJ and talent manager

(b. 1952)

2012

John Chapman

Australian evangelist and academic

(b. 1930)

2012

Subhash Dutta

Bangladeshi actor and director

(b. 1930)

2012

Patrick Edlinger

French mountaineer

(b. 1960)

2012

Aliu Mahama

Ghanaian engineer and politician, 3rd Vice President of Ghana

(b. 1946)

2012

Eliyahu Nawi

Iraqi-Israeli lawyer, judge, and politician

(b. 1920)

2012

Bob Scott

New Zealand rugby player

(b. 1921)

2013

Robert Conley

American journalist

(b. 1928)

2013

Billy Hardwick

American bowler

(b. 1941)

2013

William McDonough Kelly

Canadian lieutenant and politician

(b. 1925)

2013

Tanvir Ahmad Khan

Indian-Pakistani diplomat, 19th Foreign Secretary of Pakistan

(b. 1932)

2013

Oscar Lanford

American mathematician and academic

(b. 1940)

2013

Arne Pedersen

Norwegian footballer and manager

(b. 1931)

2013

Louis D. Rubin

Jr., American author, critic, and academic

(b. 1923)

2013

Charles Waterhouse

American painter, sculptor, and illustrator

(b. 1924)

2014

Charles Champlin

American historian, author, and critic

(b. 1926)

2014

Jovan Ćirilov

Serbian poet and playwright

(b. 1931)

2014

Ian Craig

Australian cricketer

(b. 1935)

2014

Juan Joseph

American football player and coach

(b. 1987)

2014

Jadwiga Piłsudska

Polish soldier, pilot, and architect

(b. 1920)

2014

Carl Sanders

American soldier, pilot, and politician, 74th Governor of Georgia

(b. 1925)

2015

David Canary

American actor

(b. 1938)

2015

Michael C. Gross

American graphic designer and producer

(b. 1945)

2015

Bert Olmstead

Canadian ice hockey player and coach

(b. 1926)

2015

Alton D. Slay

American general

(b. 1924)

2016

Jay Wright Forrester

American computer engineer

(b. 1918)

2016

Melvin Laird

American politician and writer

(b. 1922)

2016

Daniel Prodan

Romanian football player

(b. 1972)

2017

Hiromi Tsuru

Japanese actress

(b. 1960)

2017

Ann Wedgeworth

American actress

(b. 1934)

2018

William Goldman

American novelist, playwright, and screenwriter

(b. 1931)

2019

John Campbell Brown

Scottish astronomer

(b. 1947)

2019

Terry O'Neill

British photographer

(b. 1938)

2020

Sheila Nelson

English string teacher

(b. 1936)

2021

Jyrki Kasvi

Finnish journalist and politician

(b. 1964)

2022

Robert Clary

French-American actor and author

(b. 1926)