eading: The Medal of Honor, the highest military honor awarded by the United States, was established on July 12, 1862. It is awarded to members of the armed forces who distinguish themselves "conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty." This medal has been awarded to over 3,500 individuals since its inception. --AI analysis

eading: On July 12, 1917, a group of vigilantes in Bisbee, Arizona, kidnapped and deported nearly 1,300 striking miners and others who were demanding better working conditions. This event, known as the Bisbee Deportation, was a significant labor dispute in American history and led to changes in labor laws. --AI analysis

eading: On July 12, 1971, the United Red Army, a Japanese left-wing terrorist group, announced their commitment to armed struggle in a communiqué. This marked the beginning of a violent period in Japanese history, with the group responsible for numerous attacks and kidnappings. --AI analysis

eading: On July 12, 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty, which declared Russia's sovereignty over its territory and natural resources. This declaration was a significant step towards the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the Russian Federation. --AI analysis

eading: On July 12, 1993, a massive explosion at the Senghenydd Colliery in Wales resulted in the deaths of 439 miners. This disaster was one of the worst mining accidents in British history and led to significant changes in mining safety regulations. --AI analysis

eading: On July 12, 2006, Israel launched Operation Summer Rains in Lebanon in response to the kidnapping of two Israeli soldiers by Hezbollah militants. The operation resulted in significant conflict and loss of life on both sides, as well as international condemnation. --AI analysis

eading: On July 12, 2012, the United States and China agreed to a UN Security Council resolution imposing new sanctions on North Korea in response to its nuclear tests. This resolution demonstrated international cooperation in addressing the threat posed by North Korea's nuclear program. --AI analysis

eading: On July 12, 2016, the Philippines won a landmark case against China at the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague, Netherlands. The court ruled that China had no legal basis for its claims in the South China Sea, a decision that has significant implications for territorial disputes in the region. --AI analysis